Fabht marmair

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Fabht marmair - Hemiptera a bhaineann leis an Pentatomoidea superfamily. Chruthaigh Holyomorpha halys, lotnaid le boladh mĂ­thaitneamhach, go leor fadhbanna lena ionradh ollmhĂłr ar rĂ©igiĂșin theas na tĂ­re.

BunĂșs an speicis agus an tuairisc

Grianghraf: Fabht marmair

Fuair ​​feithidĂ­ Ăł theaghlach fabhtanna i saol an BhĂ©arla ainm nĂ­os faide a lĂ©irĂ­onn go cuimsitheach Ă©: fabht smelly marmair dhonn. CosĂșil leis na gaolta is gaire go lĂ©ir, baineann sĂ© leis an sciathĂĄn (Pterygota), tugtar Paraneoptera orthu nĂ­os cĂșinge, is Ă© sin, don sciathĂĄn nua le claochlĂș neamhiomlĂĄn.

FĂ­seĂĄn: Fabht marmair

TĂĄ an t-ainm Laidineach Hemiptera san ord ina ndĂ©antar na fabhtanna marmair a chlĂĄrĂș, rud a chiallaĂ­onn Hemiptera, ar a dtugtar arthroptera freisin. TĂĄ na bothĂĄin leapa fo-ordaithe (Heteroptera) Ă©agsĂșil, tĂĄ thart ar 40 mĂ­le speiceas ann, i gcrĂ­och an spĂĄis iar-ShĂłivĂ©adaigh tĂĄ nĂ­os mĂł nĂĄ 2 mhĂ­le speiceas ann. Ina theannta sin, ba cheart an superfamily lena mbaineann an fabht marmair a ghlaoch - is iad seo shitniki, tĂĄ a gcĂșl cosĂșil le sciath.

FĂ­ric spĂ©isiĂșil: Sa Laidin, is iad na scutellidĂ­ Pentatomoidea. CiallaĂ­onn "Penta" - sa teideal "cĂșig", agus "tomos" - alt. Is fĂ©idir Ă© seo a chur i leith chorp peinteagĂĄnach na feithidĂ­, chomh maith le lĂ­on na deighleoga ar na haernae.

Ceann de na hainmneacha atĂĄ ag an marbĂĄilte, cosĂșil le roinnt crĂ©atĂșir eile dĂĄ samhail, is ea an fabht stinking. TĂĄ sĂ© seo mar gheall ar an gcumas boladh mĂ­thaitneamhach a astĂș, mar gheall ar an rĂșn, atĂĄ rĂșnda ag duchtanna na feithidĂ­. Tugtar an buĂ­-donn air freisin, chomh maith le fabht smelly Oirthear na hÁise,

Dealramh agus gnéithe

Grianghraf: Fabht marmair feithidĂ­

TĂĄ an scutellum seo rĂ©asĂșnta mĂłr, suas le 17 mm ar fhad, tĂĄ cruth sciath donn peinteagĂĄnach air. Dath nĂ­os dorcha ar chĂșl agus toin pale ar an bolg. TĂĄ sĂ© ar fad dotted le poncanna bĂĄn, copar, gorm a dhĂ©anann suas patrĂșn marmair, a fuair sĂ© a ainm.

Chun an fabht seo a idirdhealĂș Ăł chomhaltaĂ­ eile, nĂ­ mĂłr duit a saintrĂ©ithe a bheith ar eolas aige:

  • tĂĄ achair mhalartacha Ă©adroma agus dhorcha aige ar dhĂĄ dheighleog uachtaracha na n-aerĂłg;
  • ar an gcuid posterior den scutellum, tĂĄ sciathĂĄin membrane fillte le feiceĂĄil mar limistĂ©ar nĂ­os dorcha i gcruth diamant;
  • feadh imeall an chuid bhoilg tĂĄ imeall de cheithre spota dorcha agus cĂșig spota Ă©adroma;
  • tĂĄ dath Ă©adrom ar na cosa deiridh ar an tibia;
  • ag barr na sciath agus ar ais tĂĄ tiĂșsĂĄin i bhfoirm plaiceanna.

TĂĄ sciathĂĄin de rĂ©ise beag beag, fillte thar bolg sĂ© mhĂ­r. Ar an prothorax tĂĄ asraonta de na duchtanna sreabhĂĄn rĂșnda le boladh lĂĄidir, mĂ­thaitneamhach an-aisteach, a bhfuil aigĂ©ad cimicic freagrach as. Cuirtear pĂ©ire casta agus pĂ©ire sĂșile simplĂ­ ar an ceann.

CĂĄ gcĂłnaĂ­onn an fabht marmair?

Grianghraf: Fabht marmair in AbcĂĄis

I SAM, i stĂĄt Pennsylvania, bhĂ­ an lotnaid le feiceĂĄil i 1996, ach clĂĄraĂ­odh Ă­ go hoifigiĂșil i 2001, ina dhiaidh sin shocraigh sĂ­ i New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia agus Oregon. In 2010, shroich daonra na mbolg leaba i Maryland comhrĂ©ireanna tubaisteacha agus theastaigh maoiniĂș speisialta uathu chun Ă© a dhĂ­othĂș.

Anois tĂĄ sĂ© taifeadta i 44 stĂĄt SAM agus i ndeisceart Ontario, QuĂ©bec i gCeanada. Shroich sĂ© tĂ­ortha na hEorpa timpeall 2000 agus leathnaigh sĂ© go beagnach dosaen tĂ­r. Is Ă© Oirdheisceart na hÁise baile dĂșchais an hemiptera, tĂĄ sĂ© le fĂĄil sa tSĂ­n, sa tSeapĂĄin, sa ChĂłirĂ©.

ThĂĄinig an lotnaid isteach sa RĂșis in 2013 i Sochi, is dĂłcha le spĂĄsanna glasa. Scaip an shtitnik go tapa feadh chĂłsta na Mara Duibhe, Stavropol, Kuban, an Crimea, deisceart na hÚcrĂĄine, ar imirce go Transcaucasia trĂ­ AbcĂĄis. Taifeadadh a chuma sa ChasacstĂĄin agus i Primorye.

Is breĂĄ le fabht marmair aerĂĄidĂ­ tais, te agus scaipeann sĂ© go gasta nuair a bhĂ­onn na geimhreadh bog, ĂĄit ar fĂ©idir leis maireachtĂĄil. Ar feadh na trĂ©imhse fuar, seithĂ­ sĂ© i duilleoga tite, i ndĂșiche fĂ©ir thirim. In ĂĄiteanna atĂĄ neamhghnĂĄch don fhabht marmair, ĂĄit a bhfuil sĂ© nĂ­os fuaire sa gheimhreadh nĂĄ ina thĂ­r dhĂșchais, fĂ©achann sĂ© le dul i bhfolach i bhfoirgnimh, seideanna, stĂłrais, foirgnimh chĂłnaithe, ag cloĂ­ le gach dromchla.

Cad a itheann an fabht marmair?

Grianghraf: Fabht marmair i Sochi

Is feithid polyphagous Ă© an fabht marbĂĄilte agus beathaĂ­onn sĂ© ar rĂ©imse leathan plandaĂ­; tĂĄ thart ar 300 speiceas ar a roghchlĂĄr. Sa tSeapĂĄin, bĂ­onn tionchar aige ar Cedar, cufrĂłg, crainn torthaĂ­, glasraĂ­ agus pischineĂĄlaigh cosĂșil le pĂłnairĂ­ soighe. I ndeisceart na SĂ­ne, is fĂ©idir Ă© a fhĂĄil ar chrainn foraoise, blĂĄthanna, gais, pods pischineĂĄlaigh Ă©agsĂșla agus barra ornĂĄideacha.

DĂ©anann sĂ© damĂĄiste d’Ășlla, silĂ­nĂ­, torthaĂ­ citris, pĂ©itseoga, piorraĂ­, persimmons agus torthaĂ­ sĂșnna eile, chomh maith le sĂștha craobh agus sĂștha craobh. Itheann siad duilleoga maples, ailant, beith, cornbeam, dogwood, sucker caol-dhuille, forsythia, rĂłs fiĂĄin, rĂłs, learĂłg SeapĂĄnach, magnolia, barberry, honeysuckle, chokeberry, acacia, saileach, spirea, linden, ginkgo agus crainn agus toir eile

FĂĄgann an chuid is mĂł de ghlasraĂ­ agus grĂĄin cosĂșil le horseradish, cairt na hEilvĂ©ise, mustaird, piobar, cĂșcamar, pumpkin, rĂ­s, pĂłnairĂ­, arbhar, trĂĄtaĂ­, srl. FĂĄgann an lotnaid spotaĂ­ necrotic ar duilliĂșr Ăłg. Is fĂ©idir le suĂ­omhanna bite ar thorthaĂ­ agus ar ghlasraĂ­ a bheith ina gcĂșis le hionfhabhtĂș tĂĄnaisteach, as a dtagann na torthaĂ­ le coilm, agus a dtiteann unripe as.

FĂ­ric spĂ©isiĂșil: Sna StĂĄit Aontaithe in 2010, b’ionann na caillteanais de bharr marmair agus nĂ­os mĂł nĂĄ $ 20 billiĂșn.

I hemiptera, socraĂ­tear an gaireas bĂ©il de rĂ©ir an phrionsabail um tholladh. Os comhair an chinn tĂĄ proboscis, atĂĄ brĂșite faoin cĂłfra i riocht socair. TĂĄ an liopa Ă­ochtarach mar chuid den proboscis. Is groove Ă©. TĂĄ gialla brĂ­stĂ­ ann. TĂĄ an proboscis clĂșdaithe Ăł thuas le liopa eile, a chosnaĂ­onn an ceann Ă­ochtarach. NĂ­l baint ag na liopaĂ­ leis an bprĂłiseas beathaithe.

DĂ©anann an fabht dromchla an phlanda a tholladh lena ghialla uachtaracha, atĂĄ suite ar bharr na cinn nĂ­os tanaĂ­, na cinn Ă­ochtaracha, na cinn Ă­ochtaracha a dhĂșnadh agus dhĂĄ thubules a fhoirmiĂș. Sreabhann seile sĂ­os an cainĂ©al tanaĂ­, Ă­ochtarach, agus tarraingtear sĂș plandaĂ­ ar feadh an chainĂ©il uachtair.

FĂ­ric spĂ©isiĂșil: TĂĄ imnĂ­ mhĂłr ar thĂĄirgeoirĂ­ fĂ­ona na hEorpa faoi ionradh na fabht marmair, mar nĂ­ amhĂĄin go ndĂ©anann sĂ© dochar d’fhĂ­onchaora agus d’fhĂ­onghort, ach go bhfĂ©adfadh sĂ© dul i bhfeidhm ar bhlas agus ar chĂĄilĂ­ocht an fhĂ­ona freisin.

Gnéithe de charachtar agus de stíl mhaireachtåla

Grianghraf: Fabht marmair Georgia

Tå an hemiptera seo teirmeafilic, sé:

  • forbraĂ­onn sĂ© go gnĂ­omhach ag teochtaĂ­ nach Ă­sle nĂĄ +15 ° C.;
  • mothaĂ­onn sĂ© compordach ag + 20-25 ° C.;
  • ag + 33 ° C, faigheann 95% de dhaoine aonair bĂĄs;
  • os cionn + 35 ° C - tĂĄ cosc ​​ar gach cĂ©im de fheithidĂ­;
  • + 15 ° C - is fĂ©idir le suthanna forbairt, agus faigheann na larbhaĂ­ a bheirtear bĂĄs;
  • ag + 17 ° C, faigheann suas le 98% de na larbhaĂ­ bĂĄs.

Nuair a thiteann an teocht, bĂ­onn feithidĂ­ fĂĄsta i bhfolach in ĂĄiteanna rĂșnda. I ndĂĄlaĂ­ dheisceart na RĂșise, nĂ­ rudaĂ­ nĂĄdĂșrtha amhĂĄin iad seo: bruscar duille, coirt crainn nĂł log, ach foirgnimh freisin. TrasnaĂ­onn feithidĂ­ isteach i ngach scoilte, simlĂ©ar, oscailt aerĂĄla. Is fĂ©idir leo mĂ©ideanna mĂłra a charnadh i seideanna, tithe lasmuigh, ĂĄilĂ©ir, Ă­oslaigh.

Is Ă© an t-uafĂĄs is mĂł d’áitritheoirĂ­ na rĂ©igiĂșn seo nĂĄ go bhfuil na hartrapĂłid seo ag sĂĄrĂș a dtithe go mĂłr. Tar Ă©is dĂłibh nooks agus crannies a aimsiĂș, bĂ­onn siad ina gcodladh. I seomraĂ­ teo, fanann siad gnĂ­omhach, eitilt amach sa solas, ciorcal timpeall na bolgĂĄn, suĂ­ ar na fuinneoga. I aerĂĄidĂ­ nĂ­os teo, b’fhearr leo dul i bhfolach i gcorĂłin na gcrann, mar shampla, palovii, ailants.

FĂ­ric spĂ©isiĂșil: Sna StĂĄit Aontaithe, chuaigh 26 mĂ­le duine aonair den fhabht marmair i bhfolach i dteach amhĂĄin don gheimhreadh.

Tå an fheithid an-ghníomhach, is féidir léi taisteal achair fhada. Tå siad ildånach ina gcuid roghanna bia.

StruchtĂșr sĂłisialta agus atĂĄirgeadh

Grianghraf: CrĂ­och Krasnodar fabht marmair

Tar Ă©is don teas tosĂș, dĂșisĂ­onn an fabht marbĂĄilte, tosaĂ­onn sĂ© ag ithe chun neart a fhĂĄil. Tar Ă©is thart ar dhĂĄ sheachtain, tĂĄ siad rĂ©idh chun cĂșplĂĄil. I rĂ©igiĂșin nĂ­os fuaire, nĂ­ fĂ©idir ach aon ghlĂșin amhĂĄin de sliocht in aghaidh an tsĂ©asĂșir, i rĂ©igiĂșin nĂ­os deisceartaĂ­ - dhĂĄ nĂł trĂ­ cinn. I dtĂ­r dhĂșchais bugbugs, mar shampla, i rĂ©igiĂșin fothrĂłpaiceacha na SĂ­ne, suas le sĂ© ghlĂșin i rith na bliana

Leagann an baineann 20-40 ubh ar an gcuid Ă­ochtarach den duilleog plandaĂ­, a bheidh ansin mar bhia do na nimfeach. Le linn a shaoil, is fĂ©idir le duine amhĂĄin 400 ubh a thĂĄirgeadh (250 ar an meĂĄn). TĂĄ cruth Ă©ilipseach (1.6 x 1.3 mm) ar gach testicle buĂ­ Ă©adrom, ag an mbarr tĂĄ sĂ© dĂșnta go docht le clĂșdach le bearnaĂ­ a choinnĂ­onn go diongbhĂĄilte Ă©.

Ag meĂĄnteocht de thart ar 20 ° C, tagann an larbha amach as an ubh ar an 80Ăș lĂĄ, ag teocht nĂ­os airde nĂĄ an teocht a lĂ©irĂ­tear le 10 gcĂ©im, laghdaĂ­tear an trĂ©imhse seo go 30 lĂĄ. TĂĄ cĂșig aois nymphal ann (cĂ©imeanna neamhaibĂ­). TĂĄ siad Ă©agsĂșil Ăł thaobh mĂ©ide: Ăłn gcĂ©ad aois - 2.4 mm go dtĂ­ an cĂșigiĂș - 12 mm. CrĂ­ochnaĂ­onn an t-aistriĂș Ăł aois amhĂĄin go haois eile le molĂș. TĂĄ nimfeach cosĂșil le daoine fĂĄsta fĂĄsta, ach nĂ­l sciathĂĄin acu; tĂĄ a gcuid rudaĂ­ le feiceĂĄil ag an trĂ­Ăș cĂ©im. TĂĄ rĂșin acu le leacht smelly, ach tĂĄ a gcuid duchtanna ar chĂșl, agus is lĂș lĂ­on na deighleoga ar na haernae agus na lapaĂ­, agus nĂ­l sĂșile simplĂ­ ann ach an oiread.

TĂĄ fad difriĂșil ag gach aois:

  • Maireann an chĂ©ad cheann 10 lĂĄ ag 20 C °, 4 lĂĄ ag 30 C °, tĂĄ an dath dearg-orĂĄiste. Ag an am seo, tĂĄ na nimfeach timpeall na n-uibheacha.
  • TĂłgann an dara ceann 16-17 lĂĄ ag 20 ° C agus 7 lĂĄ ag 30 ° C. Maidir le dath, tĂĄ nimfeach cosĂșil le daoine fĂĄsta.
  • Maireann an trĂ­Ăș ceann 11-12 lĂĄ ag 20 ° C agus 6 lĂĄ ag 30 ° C.
  • CrĂ­ochnaĂ­onn an ceathrĂș i 13-14 lĂĄ ag 20 ° C agus 6 lĂĄ ag 30 ° C.
  • Maireann an cĂșigiĂș lĂĄ 20-21 lĂĄ ag 20 C ° agus 8-9 lĂĄ ag 30 C °.

Naimhde nĂĄdĂșrtha fabhtanna marmair

Grianghraf: Fabht marmair

NĂ­l an oiread sin naimhde ag an fabht stink seo sa nĂĄdĂșr, nĂ­or thaitin an lotnaid stinking seo le gach duine.

Déanann na héin fiach air:

  • dreathanna tĂ­;
  • accentors;
  • cnĂłnna coill Ăłrga;
  • starlings.

Itheann gnĂĄth-sicĂ­nĂ­ baile iad le plĂ©isiĂșr. TuairiscĂ­onn breathnĂłirĂ­ MheiriceĂĄ go bhfuil nĂ­os mĂł Ă©an tar Ă©is an marmair a fhiach, agus go bhfuil siad nĂ­os sĂĄsta iad a phiocadh.

FĂ­ric spĂ©isiĂșil: CĂ© go n-itheann sicĂ­nĂ­ lotnaidĂ­ donn, rinne feirmeoirĂ­ gearĂĄn go nglacann an fheoil Ă©anlaithe clĂłis blas mĂ­thaitneamhach ina dhiaidh sin.

I measc feithidĂ­, tĂĄ naimhde ag fabhtanna sciath freisin. Ina measc seo tĂĄ seangĂĄin agus hemiptera eile - creachadĂłirĂ­, ag guĂ­ mantises, damhĂĄin alla. TĂĄ fabhtanna cac eile ann - podizus, is creachadĂłirĂ­ iad de rĂ©ir nĂĄdĂșir agus fĂ©adann siad dochar a dhĂ©anamh don mharbĂĄilte. TĂĄ dath cosĂșil leo Ăłn taobh amuigh, ach tĂĄ lapaĂ­ Ă©adroma agus spota dorcha ag deireadh na lao ag na podizuses. Fabht eile is ea an perillus, dĂ©anann sĂ© cuardach freisin ar an bhfabht marmair, itheann sĂ© uibheacha agus larbhaĂ­.

Sa tSín, is é namhaid na marbåilte an foiche seadånacha Trissolcus japonicus ón teaghlach Scelionidae. Tå siad beag i méid, thart ar mhéid uibheacha na mbolgån. Leagann an foiche a huibheacha iontu. Itheann larbhaí an pharasite sciathåin taobh istigh an uibhe. Scriosann siad fabhtanna marmair go héifeachtach, scriosann siad lotnaidí 50% ina limistéar geografach. I Meiriceå, scriosann an ciaróg rothaí mar a thugtar air an fabht, agus itheann roinnt speiceas de mhíolta adhmaid a gcuid uibheacha.

Daonra agus stĂĄdas an speicis

Grianghraf: Feithid fabht marmair

TĂĄ lĂ­on na feithidĂ­ seo ag fĂĄs agus deacair a rialĂș. De thaisme ag titim faoi dhĂĄlaĂ­ nach bhfuil naimhde beagnach acu sa nĂĄdĂșr, thosaigh na scĂștair ag iolrĂș go gasta. TĂĄ feithidĂ­ ar fĂ©idir leo a ndaonra a rialĂĄil go hĂ©ifeachtach ina gcĂłnaĂ­ sna rĂ©igiĂșin as a raibh an marbĂĄilte le feiceĂĄil ar dtĂșs. Chuir sĂ© in oiriĂșint go tapa do dhĂĄlaĂ­ aerĂĄide nua, agus cuireann tĂ©amh na mblianta beaga anuas le maireachtĂĄil agus mĂ©adĂș i lĂ­on na lotnaidĂ­.

Is Ă© an bealach is fearr le troid nĂĄ geimhreadh sioc. Ach nĂ­l eolaithe ag brath ar an dĂșlra agus tĂĄ siad ag iarraidh bealaĂ­ Ă©agsĂșla chun troid. Mar aon le hullmhĂșchĂĄin Ă©ifeachtacha feithidicĂ­deacha a scriosann feithidĂ­ tairbhiĂșla, ĂșsĂĄidtear modhanna bitheolaĂ­ocha.

TaispeĂĄnann tĂĄstĂĄlacha le fungais a ionfhabhtaĂ­onn lotnaidĂ­ go n-ionfhabhtaĂ­onn an speiceas bover suas le 80% de na fabhtanna. Fuarthas nach raibh an fungas metaricium chomh hĂ©ifeachtach. Is Ă© an deacracht a bhaineann lena n-ĂșsĂĄid nĂĄ go bhfuil gĂĄ le taise ard chun drugaĂ­ a chomhrac bunaithe ar mhiocĂłis, agus roghnaĂ­onn an fheithid ĂĄiteanna tirime le haghaidh geimhrithe. NĂ­ bhĂ­onn gaistĂ­ le pheromones Ă©ifeachtach i gcĂłnaĂ­: ar dtĂșs, nĂ­ mheallann siad larbhaĂ­, agus sa dara hĂĄit, nĂ­ imoibrĂ­onn daoine fĂĄsta leo i gcĂłnaĂ­.

TĂĄ ceantair ardriosca ann inar fĂ©idir leis na fabhtanna cac seo a bheith le feiceĂĄil agus pĂłrĂș:

  • TĂ­ortha MheiriceĂĄ Theas: is fĂ©idir go mbraitheann siad go hiontach sa BhrasaĂ­l, Uragua, an AirgintĂ­n;
  • I rĂ©igiĂșin thuaidh na hAfraice: AngĂłla, an ChongĂł, an tSaimbia;
  • An Nua-ShĂ©alainn, rĂ©igiĂșin theas na hAstrĂĄile;
  • An Eoraip go lĂ©ir laistigh de domhanleithid 30 ° -60 °;
  • I gCĂłnaidhm na RĂșise, fĂ©adann sĂ© pĂłrĂș go compordach i ndeisceart rĂ©igiĂșn Rostov, scaiptear go tapa Ă© ar fud chrĂ­ocha Krasnodar agus Stavropol;
  • Nuair a bhĂ­onn na geimhreadh nĂ­os fuaire, is fĂ©idir leis an lotnaid a bheith le feiceĂĄil go trĂ©imhsiĂșil, ag dul ar imirce Ăłn deisceart.

Le roinnt blianta fabht marmair mhĂ©adaigh sĂ© an oiread sin gur tubaiste Ă©iceolaĂ­och Ă©. TĂĄ na bearta a glacadh i bhfoirm dhĂ­spreagtha agus nĂ­ fĂ©idir leo tionchar suntasach a imirt ar an mĂ©adĂș i ndaonra na lotnaide seo. TorthĂșlacht ard, solĂșbthacht maidir le bia agus dĂĄlaĂ­ aerĂĄide, imirce ghnĂ­omhach, inoiriĂșnaitheacht do cheimiceĂĄin - neamhnĂ­ sĂ© seo gach iarracht an fabht leaba a rialĂș.

DĂĄta foilsithe: 01.03.2019

DĂĄta nuashonraithe: 17.09.2019 ag 19:50

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